JL Kruger
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Homepage (site/index.html): integration-v14 promoted, Writings section integrated with 33 pieces clustered by type (stories/essays/miscellany), Writings welcome lightbox, content frame at 98% opacity. Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
4.6 KiB
4.6 KiB
HTML Entity & Character Reference
Read this file when you need to look up the correct HTML entity for a character, or when auditing existing HTML for incorrect character usage.
Quick Substitution Table
When generating HTML/JSX, substitute these characters automatically:
| If you see | Replace with | Entity | Rule |
|---|---|---|---|
| "straight double" | "curly double" | “ ” |
Always curly quotes |
| 'straight single' | 'curly single' | ‘ ’ |
Always curly quotes |
| it's (straight) | it's (curly) | ’ |
Apostrophe = closing single quote |
| -- | – | – |
En dash for ranges |
| --- | — | — |
Em dash for breaks |
| ... | … | … |
Single ellipsis character |
| (c) | © | © |
Real copyright symbol |
| (TM) | ™ | ™ |
Real trademark symbol |
| (R) | ® | ® |
Real registered symbol |
| 12 x 34 | 12 × 34 | × |
Real multiplication sign |
| 56 - 12 (math) | 56 − 12 | − |
Real minus sign |
| 6' 10" (curly, in measurements) | 6' 10" (straight) | ' " |
Foot/inch must be straight |
Complete Entity Table
Quotes and Apostrophes
“ " U+201C opening double quote
” " U+201D closing double quote
‘ ' U+2018 opening single quote
’ ' U+2019 closing single quote / apostrophe
" " U+0022 straight double quote (inch mark only)
' ' U+0027 straight single quote (foot mark only)
Dashes
- U+002D hyphen (compound words, line breaks)
– – U+2013 en dash (ranges: 1–10, connections: Sarbanes–Oxley)
— — U+2014 em dash (sentence breaks—like this)
­ U+00AD soft/optional hyphen (invisible break suggestion)
Symbols
… … U+2026 ellipsis
× × U+00D7 multiplication sign
− − U+2212 minus sign
÷ ÷ U+00F7 division sign
± ± U+00B1 plus-minus sign
© © U+00A9 copyright
™ ™ U+2122 trademark
® ® U+00AE registered trademark
¶ ¶ U+00B6 paragraph mark (pilcrow)
§ § U+00A7 section mark
& & U+0026 ampersand
° ° U+00B0 degree sign
Spaces
U+00A0 nonbreaking space (prevents line break)
  U+2009 thin space (half word-space width)
  U+2002 en space (half em width)
  U+2003 em space (full em width)
  U+200A hair space (thinnest space)
Primes (Foot/Inch/Minute/Second)
' ' U+0027 foot mark / minute mark (straight single)
" " U+0022 inch mark / second mark (straight double)
′ ′ U+2032 true prime (if font supports — sloped)
″ ″ U+2033 true double prime (if font supports — sloped)
Arrows and Misc
← ← U+2190 left arrow
→ → U+2192 right arrow
↑ ↑ U+2191 up arrow
↓ ↓ U+2193 down arrow
• • U+2022 bullet
· · U+00B7 middle dot
« « U+00AB left guillemet
» » U+00BB right guillemet
Common Accented Characters
Always preserve accents in proper names. These are the most frequently needed:
é é É É
è è È È
á á Á Á
à à À À
í í Í Í
ó ó Ó Ó
ú ú Ú Ú
ü ü Ü Ü
ö ö Ö Ö
ç ç Ç Ç
ñ ñ Ñ Ñ
ß ß (Eszett — or just use ss)
Contextual Usage Patterns
Quoted Text
<p>“She said ‘hello’ to me,” he reported.</p>
Decade Abbreviations (apostrophe pointing down)
<p>In the ’70s, rock ’n’ roll dominated.</p>
Ranges and Connections
<p>Pages 4–8</p>
<p>The Sarbanes–Oxley Act</p>
<p>The 2020–2025 period</p>
Sentence Breaks
<p>The em dash puts a nice pause in text—and is underused.</p>
Legal/Academic References
<p>Under § 1782, the seller may offer a refund.</p>
<p>See ¶ 49 of the contract.</p>
Copyright and Trademark
<footer>© 2025 MegaCorp™</footer>
Measurements
<p>The room is 12' 6" × 8' 10".</p>
Math
<p>12 × 34 − 56 = 352</p>
Ellipsis with Nonbreaking Space
<p>From A … to Z</p>